Conlangery #51: Language History

Conlangery #51: Language History

Published: Mon, 21 May 2012 04:00:57 +0000 \

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Transcript

utterance-id1 i'm the bank getting hold custom man <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> [noise] <unk> the people who had been mine george carlin [noise] um [noise] with me and the great there which we have [noise] william and that's low [noise] and up in new jersey we have uh my one team [noise] hello [laughter] [noise] i forgot your name for a little bit yes that's why i'm laughing because like years ago for one week and you forget money god you see the <unk> yeah but time our um our our feedback is uh is is is directed mainly you today so i mean me i remember i <unk> i forgot to use <unk> may um married name many times so yeah yeah mm [noise] anyway um before we start i do want to uh speak to a certain thing um as we're recording this um the uh the <unk> has has not been download <unk> or a day or so um i think i fit we figure it out what's going on um it's not easy solution that i would like to have the uh current time but right now i have a temper temporarily solved and um hopefully in the future i can find something a little bit more better but the important thing is that as of this recording it's working yeah so yeah that's a good thing [laughter] [noise] at least as far as uh william <unk> so um anyway moving on we have a topic to not today yeah topic uh and this topic is something that we may get a lot of things wrong because we don't mess <unk> none of us are really <unk> do this sort of thing usually but i wanted to talk about it because i am in the process of driving a language from are you are you i'm driving uh <unk> which is uh sort of the <unk> are you are you if you want to say it that way um true historical process [noise] and um so as such we're talking about language history and how to drive a language <unk> chronic um so first of all i'm gonna say <unk> <unk> people why would you want to do that [noise] you know i have not done this before and um william you're not big on doing a whole lot of historical linguistics in your language is already um i typically imagine a language in a window of about i don't know fifty to three hundred years depending on what i think is going on so i do very mild historical stuff just because that gives me [noise] um uh things like vocabulary and grammar and other sorts of process is that look somewhat naturalistic mhm but the really the really deep create a language drive another language from us through a thousand years i i really never done that 'cause i don't have the patience for huh yeah [noise] it uh i found it does take a lot of patience but er what you ah have said does it does make sense why you would do that [noise] it adds a whole lot of things um and it makes it a lot easier to create <unk> irregularities i've found that um [noise] when you have an instructional system in place in your printer language and then you derive another language using sound changes mhm everything goes back not [noise] [laughter] yeah it is it the very technical term i mean you can rican figure the grammar of your entire language through things like that mhm yeah [noise] [noise] um i've had you know i've had um things just get completely <unk> because they're not <unk> not enough for me to really care about them my um in in my current project and um i'm still figuring out some other places where things are merging in one place not merging in another place [noise] what to do with that whether to do some air logical flattening or to delete something or what [noise] right so anyway um second question is how far back you go now william you said you go only go like fifty to three hundred years and you don't really do it <unk> medically no these days i do i do it systematically i just don't i just don't do really deep stuff uh-huh [noise] that <unk> that will give you a i think that much will give you a good sense i think a lot of people say a thousand years is a good thing to get a fairly big thing [noise] i think you could probably go as deep as you really care to go back to about ten thousand years beyond ten thousand years it's not going to matter anyway because there's so much in real languages when we get back to ten thousand years there's so much noise that we really can't reconstruct much with the <unk> like in the first place [noise] i mean you could do this you would just have to be very imaginative [noise] [noise] yeah [noise] i mean you're you're just going to have to make stuff they're going to be entirely workings of systems you'll just have to figure out from step to step yeah yeah when i'm uh-huh mm i'm sorry um i was gonna say whenever i do it i don't i don't really do too much in terms of uh you know going back in history but when i do i don't usually think of in terms of the years 'cause just like if you were to say oh how long has he was he was being going on [noise] it's not like there's a very <unk> like it's not like you can sell what was born on this day so for me i just more think of it as <unk> instead of thinking <unk> thinking of it in terms of years i think it was just in terms of religions are in terms of faith is absolutely evan flow in and out of one another [noise] <unk> you could you could do that in fact what i'm doing right now because my biggest problem has been figuring out what um how to do the timeframe mhm and um how do how to how many sound changes to make per hundred years or whatever [noise] yeah um i'm just doing this in a sand box sort of thing and i'm not hearing about how long things have gone on because they're immortal spirits are gonna their language is going to change it a different rate anyway it's it's it's really bizarre stuff going on so i can sort of do that and then you practice before i start working on human language is that i want to develop historically and then i have to kind of say okay i'll take a thousand years and all but if i didn't get to see what five hundred your trunk so i have the intermediate urge stage and then i'll figure it out but [noise] the the thing that matters more i think here is less than an actual timeframe mhm mm mhm then that you get the order of the some changes yes sequence properly yes yes [laughter] so it's not like the transition from say <unk> to ancient greek mhm as as my accent it's not like that just happened one day or through one generation it's nicotine relation of changes that happened in a particular order [noise] about will change here funky continent merger there right and those things have to be gotten in the right quarter mhm oh i live otherwise you're you're ruled that makes sense and um [noise] what was i going to say and whether it takes you know fifty years or a hundred and fifty years from those changes to take place doesn't matter so long as you've got the order right so in the <unk> the grand master plans that we see for things like refunding and benedict in those [noise] i mean they give time frames but the point is is that each time window which might be fairly small has us collection of changes that are applied in order and then the new set of <unk> or [noise] that <unk> that matters more than the actual timeframe [noise] yeah i would i would i would say so the main thing i would point to having specific time frames for where if you were developing several languages in the same world and you wanted to have loans between them right but even even then i mean you can as long as you have 'em in the right order you can sort of say okay em and uh two hundred year five hundred year <unk> with the sound changes are and then i <unk> but yeah the order is most important thing [noise] and also um just when you're playing with the sound changes and working with the sound changes [noise] one thing that i would say is important is just so that you get everything consistent i would use <unk> uh uh found change apply or i'm using <unk> which has its limitations i don't like the fact that the way that it handles um stress based rules i don't like it would handle the snake the features that much but it does work for most purposes and basically that way when you have the machine knowing it you can do several different <unk> without hire yourself out making mistakes right right so we lost my my back alright i saw it on that so although saying [laughter] and i wrote down so i know i left off alright jordan was just going on at length about um the usefulness of having a sound change a flyer mhm [noise] program oh i didn't hear any of that [noise] no um i've last thing i heard was um i'm i mentioned about how [noise] i don't usually use the <unk> the years now i was in the middle of mentioning how if there was a war and something that a different group came in at a certain time mark and the benchmark than having the years would be good but i didn't hear anything about program [laughter] so yeah well that was something i i i mentioned if you're developing <unk> within a clown world several languages in parallel you want to [noise] you want to <unk> put dates on on stages of the language maybe not individual sound changes 'cause [noise] let's be honest you can't fix a state on a <unk> change 'cause it's something that starts somewhere and propagate throughout the language yes yeah definitely right um so uh i wouldn't even think just just from the standpoint of organizing you work you could you know sequence them either just numbers it doesn't matter that year or or whatever but you you want to do that yeah i know in like some of the old chinese uh they didn't really use years before and they just use um the dynasty so if you had that kind of ah history cataloging system in your car world you know after the first dynasty you could even just label that way it's just uh <unk> this this this it gets very deep into <unk> we're doing it but yeah um but the <unk> what you were mentioning but it is important if you have loan words coming in at different times to kind of have an idea of what things sound like it different periods throughout history yeah yeah well actually those little words are interesting for real historical linguistics in that they can help you date some changes yeah that's very true right you've you've <unk> word and it's borrowed and now wants to word has been borrowed it'd become subject to the sorts of sound change road rules mhm so do better word that has a particular vow or say in a position that you would normally expect to change but it didn't then you can say something about um what happened yeah or rather windows that we <unk> i think we've said enough about time and i think you can have one language one words <unk> enter your language um that can give you a nice <unk> bit of phone richness because if you have if you were to have all your words and language and all those words how the exact same changes and were born from very same time you may have holes but if you of words coming into your language after certain changes that will fill up some of the holes and it will make i think <unk> for a lot more robust and richer feeling to your language mhm well i'm in [laughter] mhm uh it but that makes sense um william you have a very i think are very important note here that you say do not ignore the near <unk> marion hypothesis now writers explained to that that for um people who would know what that turned me right so they need or married hypothesis is one of those early foundation on moments in linguistics and in particular historical linguistics [noise] the news we're married hypothesis is that sound changes are completely regular mhm if you decided that eight <unk> tea turns into a yo sound then that has to take place everywhere in every word in every context in the language if there is an exception you must make a better sound change rule mhm [noise] now if you do something like george suggests and use a sound change a player they it's going to be harder you for harder for you to ignore this rule [noise] now um maybe i wasn't listening or my phone cut out doing that and but <unk> well there are certain program i mentioned this justin [noise] uh i used down there's <unk> some change acquire learn i mean there are several yeah there's several out there um i i use them because that's the one that i i just got used to but um [noise] there's limitations to it i haven't found one one thing that i haven't <unk> uh found is one that handle stress based rules well [noise] but um but that's just uh uh another thing um i'm sure that somebody uh can make something like that but you know that's something that it's it's one of those things all the tools that are that uh you're going to work with mom usually are gonna be a little flew to be a little weird because this is something that only con language would ever use so [laughter] only <unk> [noise] and that's the important thing dimension i mean really we can't in this show go over the sorts of actual phonetic changes that happened overtime [noise] there are lots of resources for this you can look at any rumblings strand master plan um i've got links um for the show that have links to documents [noise] um that have a lot of really good information about sound changes and and documenting them like i've got one the documents to change from latin too old tom <unk> which is the language of the <unk> um [noise] it has lots of detail explaining and showing you each of these sound changes in in context so you can get ideas for the sound changes anywhere mhm so i really don't think we should talk about that much on the show but i won't mention it passing that stress accent especially can happen very profound effect on [noise] there was some changes so this is one of those things where the <unk> marion hypothesis comes into play [noise] there were some some changes that didn't make sense in say a language like laughing we're like why would this eight turn into an easier [noise] it turns out that latin used to have a different accents <unk> used to be word initial mhm [noise] um and then suddenly accounts for all of the changes and and the <unk> hypothesis is once you get happy that all of your son changes our regular right mhm [noise] right you just have to make sure that you write your rules property and and the reason i mentioned that the new government hypothesis is that if you're making your seventy just by hand or you start freaking and saying oh but i like this weird shapes here but i don't like this where shape your [noise] then you you lose i think some of the benefit of doing this going through this whole process in the first place and second of all it probably will start to make your work hard to control if you care about the consistency of the language no issue if you are the reason it away by saying those words they want to keep the other saved came in after that sounds in shopping that'd be one more ground right sure and and from time to time words are preserved in archaic shapes for various reasons there might be literary reasons weird arcade vocabulary persistent increase because of homer and his meaner falls apart if you don't do things that i mean there are things that can take particular kinds of words important words that might be slowed down for this or that reason mhm um but by in large shut the vast majority of your day to day working language the changes will be consistent and universal yes [noise] for ah yeah i think <unk> i think the important thing is to say that do that sparingly yeah now we we will know that there's there's some uh that that there are changes were times when you can sort of systematically um negate some of the effects from the sound change william you mention you just say analogy here that's one thing if you have things that <unk> that change your inflection all paradigm you my uh <unk> you might in certain words and up with ah i'm allergy sort of <unk> some of the irregularities but he's <unk> [noise] it's it's that's another thing where you you take that on a case by case basis and any other time when you're just going to say oh this war just stay the same make sure it's a very important we're aware that would possibly status say the same for some reason i'm so glad to get mad at me here um the the ah the weird fringe realized l in la [noise] right i like some weird preservation thing i don't know that a preservation or if it is a reservation artifact it's an interesting case where they use the dark l. only in that word i think maybe one or two others but yeah it's pretty much confined to that mm mm yeah i've i've never investigated so getting back to um an allergy analogy typically happens when some grammatical paradigm is crushed by some changes [noise] georgia's just mentioned that a bunch i don't know if it's your cases are your <unk> system is being flattened by typically the loss of final vowels lost the final syllables all sorts of things can happen [noise] so that you might for example [noise] borrow a case marking from a different paradigm you mind borrow a <unk> uh uh uh uh verbal um conjugation ending from a different tense or aspect system just because otherwise you'd have nothing nothing place or you'd leave the distinction you don't you care about yeah the biggest thing i'm having used uh with with verbs because there's like one set of circumstances that will cause the necessity to merge with uh dip and potential and it doesn't happen anywhere else i'm thinking maybe i will actually just change that by with analogy [noise] so <unk> that's a very very specific example for my language but yeah but that kind of thing you can sort of fudge things that way if there's if there's something going on because that happens in in natural language is that uh william you mentioned before one of the strangest things about english is that [noise] um [noise] for some reason people have started turning week we're into strong for [noise] [noise] right right you you didn't used to this pattern and we start spreading it out which is pretty funny i think [laughter] let's take something that's regular and make it in regular because it rhymes with something else and that actually that's a perfect example of this sort of <unk> and a lot of people change happening [noise] something about a particular word strikes it as being quite a lot like another sort of gets drafted into new verbal category [noise] is that what you mean by that is that what your mother the makings from the <unk> yes oh man that's when you take a stronger been oh you take a week bourbon make it as oh so this is now i imagine explain it so in english [noise] week firms are regular right they don't have the muscles to fight and do their own thing they're they're just down and they make and strong verbs are irregular like sit and <unk> you know and that's not tied to the samantha of it right no uh we can strong <unk> i don't think no no no no no it's it's a purely morphological category mhm mhm [noise] um [noise] but sometimes people you know i i'm trying to remember i can't remember the verbs so <unk> <unk> <unk> well i know i know what [noise] neat yeah one of the one that has it used to be sneaking sneak and now sneak and not right because somebody some some people have thought that that sounds a lot like other um other [noise] strong verbs which basically the thing that the fine strong verbs mainly is [noise] there's often a uh uh stemmed change [noise] and also i think they have another they have different they have different um past tense and uh different past tense and <unk> is that right right right yeah um so that's just sort of one example and the important thing and this we've mentioned with all with on our irregularity episode the analogy is more most common in less common words so if you're if you're sound trading is tate [noise] screw up the um paradigm for to be it's probably just gonna end up being screwed up because people use that word all the time right but uh if your um if you're sound changes mess up the paradigm for uh two four and a cake then it might get slapped and they probably will get <unk> depends on how much of a party people your culture and [noise] um i had one quick question um well not really question but um what we're talking about losing of vinyl sounds [noise] um french [noise] i know a lot of the other uh romance language the pro job so friends doesn't <unk> in the endings the friends on things don't really tell you a lot about who who's doing the action so is that an example of where you'd have uh you know it'd be coming and going from <unk> to knock her job or um if i <unk> i think actually that that's a good example i think that's the case that rather than rework the <unk> the verb system mhm um so that he could continue to be pro drop in french they just started using their pronouns all the time yeah yeah that's another way i mean english used to have cases [noise] yeah and so in fact the latin but in both the case of english and most of the romance languages um when the case system evaporated we just he'll filled in with proposition yeah um and syntax so this is another thing that you know can cost changes i mean one thing i want to mention in passing is i think i get the impression that token mostly his historical stuff was focused on vocabulary i don't know that he ever worked out the grammar of his whatever it is <unk> l. darren or or whatever it was <unk> um you probably should not follow that if you want to go real full on historical development then you need to have at least some of the morphology um in place yeah particularly if you um have an instructional <unk> mhm because certain sound changes murder inflections [laughter] like um you know particularly dropping vowels from the middle of a word i have found murders your your inflection all system [noise] you know that leads to very interesting results [noise] um uh just um [noise] [noise] georgia's overwhelmingly historical em soundtrack [laughter] um another thing that you should mention is this analogies saying hey you should only really use it where one one word or uh a certain <unk> ah sort of circumstances is doing something that is not occurring anywhere else like so back to my own sort of personal examples i found that in certain <unk> i was finding that basically anything i did was causing the collective and plural forms tomorrow so i just act the collective yeah those in those <unk> you know at that point it just disappears [noise] yeah but you know my other example where uh i was having things murder certain ah mood paradigm merge that weren't merging and other places [noise] that that's where you get into the fudge category uh you know maybe people would start barring inflections from other words in order to compensate for that [noise] exactly exactly [noise] um right yeah yeah <unk> changes by analogy i i get in real historical linguistics it can be a bit of a <unk> so you probably don't want to resort to that too often you know just accept the consequences of the murder that's happening and try to think about what's going on don't immediately try to do an analogy and make an add a logical changed that simply reconstruct <unk> well you had before now when you say you're in a lot when you say an allergy um we're just not like as the b._s. <unk> around them in an analogue analytical language is kind of thing no no no nobody on allergy i mean [noise] say that for some reason mhm [noise] um you went through it sound change where all of the vowels in your past tense verb before the ending was you know oh mhm for one overtime there might be pressure to make all of the entire system look the same mhm so that's an example of of a change that can happen [noise] that sort of thing can also happened when ah a sound change causes mergers you might take and now it gets forms from different parts of your verbs system and grab them over to your past to read constitute a category that you've lost huh okay uh-huh [noise] and again it's particularly when this sound change causes something to get lost in some verbs but not an all of them yeah or some some <unk> all of them [noise] that's that's <unk> i think yeah if you've got a verb system that has a past imperfect a past perfect present a future in the future perfect and only in the future do you live with a distinction in the ending between the first and second person singular then you're very likely to re constitute that distinction from one of the other systems no one [noise] i actually knew is uh-huh but but when we talk about an allergy that's the sort of change we're talking about no one's with sound changes do they sometimes just pertains only in this conjugation i thought they don't didn't <unk> okay no no i only like always and everywhere you know they're not really smart in that sense they don't choose <unk> only or talking about the past as this happen it happens across the board right exactly mhm um not let's move on to something that i haven't actually gotten to working on <unk> yet the semantic drift [noise] yeah [noise] so there are two ways you can use this [noise] mhm [noise] there's first you have the issue of why are you making historical language and the first place it's possible you may have created language a mhm for some con world and now you wanted to create language be which <unk> child [noise] where do you still have those languages interacting somehow uh-huh uh-huh [noise] or you want to have several languages that are related and so you created the parental buying a new to drive two or three languages that might be interacting somehow so semantic drift is just what it means the meaning of words sort of sort of <unk> out in too and the realms of meeting and sometimes it's hard to think about well how could this happen um but polygamy or probably see me both pronunciations are acceptable um <unk> exists in all natural language is sort of gives you something to think about for example in english the verb see ten additionally in addition to meaning just you know the visual perceive something by side can mean understand <unk> so what you can do that it had in child language a. c. loses its original meaning and also an only ever mean understand and then you have another word for it you see right then you'll have some other constructions created for see [noise] um but then in a related language it might still have both of those meanings or it might have for whatever reason lost the understand meeting entirely mhm uh-huh [noise] in terms so that's the the one thing if you got multiple languages um semantic drift especially <unk> related to policy me gives you a way to have dialect differences that are natural and makes sense the next thing you can do with this sort of <unk> historically is so let's say we've got this word for see and we haven't we are derived from it that means site <unk> then your language under goes to shift where the verb see now only means understand but you still have the meaning site associated with one of his derivation okay [noise] so now you've got a natural sort of weirdness in your vocabulary where word but it's clearly related to the word understand now that it's clinton you have a word that means site that is clearly related to the verb understand mhm in the current state of your language mhm so again this is a way to produce naturalistic weirdness is in your vocabulary mhm by playing with semantic correct mhm i've completely baffled both of you know i i mean i know <unk> it's a it's a very important um thing to mention because you know i i i've been one to just like create a bunch of roots and then cherry pick them for meanings right now that i have the opportunity to drive a historical language i could actually use that mhm <unk> idea and [noise] there are a lot of other things that can drive semantic drift um one of my favorite things although it's probably less frequent is ironic changes i think there was a good example someone in our comments mentioned what was it sanskrit or um there was a point where uh a a a a word referring too good spirits and then a word referring to get bad spirits switch places [noise] oh right so they're representing the cultural dispute they're so <unk> the language sanskrit is very very closely related to old irani named <unk> mhm and in the best in language dave uh means daemon but in censored it means god [noise] and then you have the <unk> in sanskrit who knows in um <unk> again underwent a similar shift although it looks like originally david <unk> we are just different kinds of divinity [noise] but sort of culturally overtime that is the difference between the <unk> culture and the investing culture went in such a way that the words to con effectively opposite meanings i'm not sure if he has to be i'm not sure if this is samantha drift related but when i do sometimes i think of borrowing between languages but not perfect borrowing like maybe there were um people's <unk> coming over to let people <unk> territory and people's i'm like okay say an some people who came over and cold and they sober and they called the cardinal well someone were to pick up that were cardinal you might <unk> cardinal just run of um [noise] just a little bit of <unk> in that sense and i try to think of how that could create a little bit of drifting and <unk> you see where it came from but they're not necessarily cookie cutter one from the other [laughter] yeah yeah that that happens all the time um i remember everybody who i've talked to study japanese who has had given me the example uh <unk> in japanese is compound meaning something to where [noise] [noise] oh right now yeah but that's just bought it yeah assigned to a culturally specific thing which [noise] which loan words can tend to do [noise] but yeah loan we're undergo samantha ships another example in the opposite direction with um [noise] a little bit more convoluted but uh how to okay mhm <unk> yeah comes from we're uh japanese combined the japanese were caught up <unk> with the english were orchestra which came became okay <unk> <unk> and then <unk> okay so empty orchestra became you know sort of singing uh <unk> um in a funny way in front of your friend and then that came back to us yeah so you know that's a nice kind of way to add some flavor in there yeah um so yeah i think the point is that semantic drift can happen both historically and in the process of borrowing yeah right though the meaning and expand out it can contract he can shift to a slightly different sense which might be obvious <unk> obviously related or it might be a more metaphorical extension of anything else we want to say about semantic drifting policy [noise] nothing <unk> uh maybe george you're not sure i mean i don't know one of the problem i i just wanna highlight but i just wanna say basically it's an important thing and i think there is some i should have research this before and i think there's some formula as to how what percentage of your words are going to get replaced overtime so that's important yeah yeah um so that's something uh it varies from language language though because i i understand that like um this has happened very slowly for icelandic uh-huh faster for many other languages [noise] yeah uh but anyway because of isolation and such [noise] my mom right uh so i was just are we ready to move on yeah yeah um yeah go ahead so when the when more point is i don't forget to pay attention to <unk> morphology uh-huh uh-huh new meanings in functions might develop overtime <unk> um for a good example the english ending e. r. mhm actually is a um a good example of <unk> in the sort of <unk> most of the time it derives agents now runner [noise] speaker but it could also be used to indicate instrument like poker poker is not a person who <unk> is that then you're used to you know poke at your fire place with <unk> not like the game not targeting poker right nothing targeting aren't getting prepare the beep thing you use to reach into fireplace burning your hands so [noise] though was meanings my shift and develop overtime as well now um a little bit of a silly thing but like words adult that do end the e._r. but don't let him do it that are just they just go without um like finger it's not something that things and just as a kind of i guess half and found same ending that's not related you know i don't know about finger it's just i don't know things that's just something that happens in natural language is things um things end up sounding the same that aren't really the same so yeah they're <unk> yeah that can be another uh results of sound changes you may actually [noise] um uh a good thing when you're looking at um any dictionary <unk> english language dictionaries we'll do this um well they will have different separate and trees for historically different words and then the basically the the the meanings of one word that has changed historically ah are generally in one entry um and sometimes they give <unk> relating to them too much older words which almost never mean the same thing they mean now mhm that's true which i another good another good place to sort of think about national changes that we know have happened and you can have very surprising things like things like um uh i believe one thing that gets quoted often is the english words silly at one point <unk> highest mhm [noise] so um it took a long tortured route to to take on its current meaning [laughter] but um that's maybe not the most common thing i know some <unk> but someone's like uh like lunacy or lunatic has to do with the <unk> um how they thought it made people a little crazy so that's a little bit how the the <unk> they're basing them words from gossip positions are passed um social you know ideas like silly being <unk> uh types of bias or lunacy being tied to the moon ken yeah atlanta's labor horton thing that's that's sort of a con world bank thing that you might want to take into account what was the coach or like a thousand years ago and what the culture like now right because that can that can affect what uh where were you know in terms of their meanings yeah ah we don't have another go ahead and another another thing that gets uh brought up a lot is ah <unk> isn't it many were romance language words for work are believed to be derived from some roman torture device that we're not exactly sure what it is [laughter] really that that wouldn't surprise me that wouldn't surprise me [laughter] but now i wonder i mean then that's a common sort of development of semantic shift is for words they talk about pain to be generalized any sort of unpleasant experience whether it doesn't have to be a physical pain uh-huh <unk> now here's uh i'm not sure if this is a weird coincidence phenomenon spanish um the word for a small size wife so lost both us can be wives but also it means handcuffs [noise] i wonder if that was a coincidence or if that was like anywhere somehow maybe being tied to someone in uh you know united kind of censor i have no idea it sounds like some crappy old man man if one day that stuck actually just found it says ah someone said both terms share the same <unk> they come from the latin term spawn dead it would just to promise [noise] so um apparently yeah uh my uh [laughter] uh-huh yeah [noise] but uh i mean the point of all of these examples is just but uh some ethic drift <unk> weird and surprising roots and you really should if you if you want to be artistic about it you can be <unk> about it [noise] in any case when you're doing it his any hit historical linguistics you should take into account [noise] this magic grip and you should play around with it i have some fun with it because they can take interesting roots yeah now very interesting rich one more quick question maybe uh speculation ill thing um if we pass or like a thousand years and we'll get spanish um in some <unk> spanish dizzy and the sea before an e. is when i was like a mess so if there were some change that happened to all the the <unk> sounds <unk> only <unk> only happen those dialects to have to apply to the <unk> they don't have the v. and see being pronounces an f. [noise] do you know what i mean <unk> well yeah 'cause it's not just some things are not related to her father feet right right no definitely not definitely not um actually we should we should actually mentioned first thing that you do when you were doing sound changes make a fanatic transcription of though we're not <unk> because those sound change processes work on a fanatic level right that is very important yeah uh in the case of what you're presenting mike in mind view mhm if you have you know in some future spanish where the food and ethics represent the fanatic sound s. mhm began to shift that begin that in my mind begins the process of custodians spanish turning into a separate language from every other kinds of spanish yeah and that's kinda interesting 'cause you'd see that you know it happens across the board and doesn't happen relating to necessarily what they're written as necessarily [noise] um you know it doesn't happen in terms of [noise] <unk> oh look it's an ethnic page so happened this way but you know i don't know if they've passed the same then it's gonna be on the same topic block of everything else absolutely yeah um very quick side note since you brought up were riding my i think if you are doing a historical language and you were doing a writing system depending on when you want people to have developed riding you may want to develop your writing [noise] system for a stadium and the language that is you know several hundred years back and then add bizarre weirdness is as it tries to adapt a little bit to where there's smoking language but it's definitely going to be conservative mhm [noise] yeah that's one of those things that yeah drives me bonkers about inventing writing systems especially for <unk> is they often perfectly represent the language <unk> yeah how can you get that wildly unlikely unless they have maybe i'm more of like ah academic morale whether they continually update the vitamin system or they just started writing recently those are the only two circumstances bringing it where they would continue to modify their writing system mhm as the <unk> even though uh spanish regularly reforms they're they're writing system that still got some historical ogg mrs [noise] there's no reason why they have to have the silent huge and the uh uh and the uh <unk> and they have to have both see and see uh there's there's things there still historical weirdness in and spanish as transparent as it is [noise] um and you know you look at english oh man it's crazy if you have to like and and and as modern greek modern greek is just as bad as english it's the um um animal logical spelling that has very little relationship especially in the bottles down the language it's spelled so ancient greek better or less crazier yeah ancient greek because they you know they'd only discovered writing very recently and decided hey we going to invent towels uh um compared to the <unk> and no <unk> early it was pretty darn i mean not perfect <unk> early it was quite good <unk> yeah and like look at if you want to even if you have <unk> system chinese has phonetic l elements in the characters that they have not made sense for thousands of years [noise] right right [noise] i could just imagine that oh johnny you will never understand as we still don't understand that right and i talk on the student don't try [laughter] [laughter] [noise] [noise] ah but um yeah definitely sort of pick out when you're you're writing system was developed <unk> develop it for that stage with language and then as you move forward that's something i haven't gotten too but and then as you move forward think uh you know to what extent does it it <unk> itself and use the tools that already has to represent what what is current [noise] but yeah it's always gonna have the historical weirdness that comes from adapting it rather than reinventing it no it was uh i got an appointment question um [noise] in [noise] like some japanese i know sometimes they use er not pronounce it there between two <unk> uh <unk> two boys was confidence i think [noise] but you still right well yeah but you <unk> um or four languages where you have for some reason he lost moment um so are you saying you'd recommend keeping the written the <unk> the element they're written to show that disappeared [noise] because i know friends right like um [noise] the [noise] is it a certain fix over sometimes are so there's a disappeared let her you know what i'm talking about right now <unk> uh disappeared <unk> yes yes keep things in the rating system that have subsequently disappeared [noise] i mean in in the case of japanese devout will still there it's just been divorced mhm yeah which is such a weird tape rent is a more straightforward example because french just <unk> lost a bunch of sounds but they're still written yeah and english has the same way we we we no longer have we no longer pronounce the word uh me we pronounce it night mhm but we still keep the k. and the g. h. in there [noise] yeah [noise] right i mean friendships are to funny because some of the sound or lost most of the time but then reappear in certain other environments so the weird spelling system kind of makes sense [noise] man in spelling french the last <unk> french um [noise] in some styles at least the final lost about <unk> appears to make your son's scan again and and there's there's other weird things there's things in english spelling that have occurred not because of historical awareness is because uh people having wrong etymology and changing spellings but well not get into that 'cause it's not about writing systems really mhm um do we have really much more to say about historical linguistics in general i think well you you have a few links you're not just to the latin too old <unk> but some non in the european uh sound change so yeah there are a few language families that have been well investigated um in historical terms utah has taken is a very very large family that has a lot of good documentation [noise] um and i've got two lane [noise] there [noise] that hampered information about that um i get the idea that the whole effort is she addict family which includes the semitic branch are pretty well documented as is spend two <unk> [noise] so for example um and this is pretty cool oh see i can find the the link before this showgirls life is somebody has a database of related roots for the average age he had a family uh and once again you can use that to get ideas both for some changes and for semantic drift mm [noise] i get the feeling that um <unk> had a lot of work yet but i don't know if they have [noise] how how real bust their work is yet <unk> yeah [noise] so and look at things that you might want to do [noise] like if you want to do uh uh tonal language <unk> think about possibly starting out with a printer language that not <unk> and research a little bit about tons of genesis mhm uh think about it you don't have to do it um tongue changes in themselves could be very interesting to um think about if you want to add clicks research [noise] click a genesis is that what it's called [laughter] there are some serious as to how click can come about those kinds of things sometimes it can be more interesting to um figure out how some interesting feature developed than to actually put it in from day one and keep it [noise] um other than that i don't know it's it's a lot of it is your own personal um ideas i i think the main point the main sort of find a point i want to say is when you were doing this [noise] the very first thing that should be in your mind is put together you sound changes run things scrooge san changes if you've <unk> has inflections run the entire inflection part paradigm through the sound changes and just see what happens yeah and you may end up losing stuff that's fine you may end up with bizarre irregular forums that's fine just sort of evaluate sayings on case by case basis and uh see what other things you're going to uh due to it but just figure out your sound changes and run them maybe offer them a little bit run them again and see if you come out with something you you [noise] [noise] yeah [noise] and it's not like you should start off probably doing a <unk> start simple imagine a short series of sound changes just you can get an idea what that does especially with the sound change programs that makes it a little easier to approach this you don't need [noise] to have you know uh two thousand two your grand master plan like they do for something like that it it don't started there or you're going to say try small first [laughter] yeah it it it uh as you you will probably find yourself uh this is why i found myself doing was i started out with a few basic sound changes i actually started out when i wanted this word to turn into this word and i made the sound changes that would turn this word and others were and then later on i started adding stuff and <unk> you'll find sort of creeping up into that territory where you are making the the grand master clan <unk> start out small <unk> anyway um [noise] is that about it we that we have to say about historical linguistics i think so i think so i found it it just as quick genesis for when you were asking about that's as quick genesis and click loss there's there were computers in the winter <unk> confidence yeah but they say <unk> <unk> anything anything <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> any feature that you want to any <unk> future that you wanna talk about any morphological feature uh i think we didn't talk much about some tactic change i think <unk> some tactic changes [noise] probably will follow with whether or not you're morphology significantly changes like to the point where <unk> lost almost all case markings so we had some tactic changes going on mhm to compensate but right uh i mean if the case of of a friendship as well yeah [noise] but um [noise] that sort of a little bit going further on and i haven't gotten to working out how much in taxes change so that that that can be interesting that that will be an interesting thing when i get to it [noise] but for the starter you want to deal with sound changes were changing meaning morphology changing and then it will gradually sort of snowball from marriage e._u. building the whole language out of out of the historical changes [noise] so [noise] if that's all we have to say um we are going on we have a feature can't like today <unk> and it is called the <unk> the amount of outlook [noise] i don't know if i'm pronouncing that right i didn't look at ah so this was created by <unk> aaron something his his uh he's on the z b._b._s. radius so [noise] it's an <unk> yes it is an icon a language but i wasn't able to find the economy which he paid for it i don't know if he's actually got that up yet but he does have a grammatical sketch up on uh on this uh washington dot e._d._u. ah sub site that i would just have the <unk> so i'm not going to try to tell you the uh the ridiculous academic u._r._l. but uh it [noise] oh no you guys <unk> things and you pick out she you guys about this language go [laughter] i thought the verb system was cute because it's so restrained mm uh-huh right it has non past past an eerie alice <unk> yeah <unk> yeah a lot of <unk> too much more complex <unk> [noise] yeah i think i think there's a tendency 'cause there's so much of her <unk> when people get <unk> i mean there's still a bunch of stuff that goes on so you've got the simple ten [noise] <unk> system but then you have other kinds of [noise] you have <unk> that are very interesting denmark spatial <unk> about where the thing happened oh i have a quick muscle before before he wandered too far away from the verb thing um it's a this first second third and what sports person is that like indirect speech no fourth person typically means is is an obligation mechanism so the third person like if you're telling a story about per se in person be typically one person matters more isn't the focus of the conversation so that person is third person and then the incidentals become fourth person wrong i don't think i've <unk> i've seen that before [noise] i'm sorry to interrupt but yeah right uh so it it isn't too the the location marking that happens on the river which is a little bit surprising to me um we had the usual sorts of um uh <unk> kind of proposition all ideas that can be uses prefix is up down back across over that sort of stuff [noise] mhm [noise] so you were to get a little bit complex but it's still restrained compared to typically what i end up doing for example [laughter] i find that uh sort of interesting that under which she lists reflective and passive which are suffix is and then to play the games which our grief sexual <unk> um my <unk> a little bit of uh irregularity right behind it all again you know [noise] go ahead oh um there's a the patch it can also serves the middle of voice apparently yeah um um the distinction in the implicated with is someone sensitive to the um [noise] argument structure the verb so that in transit verbs of motion are more likely to use the second implicated rather than the first so that's a nice little thing to happen there i think uh i'm looking at news um [noise] the <unk> and that's kind of interesting there's you know the um [noise] <unk> for making the asian too patient to uh [noise] none of an instrument about our means and then the x. amount of result but then i thought it was amazing the <unk> were you on one suffix it makes it able to be <unk> what i've heard men um able to whatever and then uh agents of <unk> part of laps adjectives and then the patients if so if you're a bus to hit um you can make and that sucks to make it hit a ball you know able to be hit and then the other one is able to so i just find that kind of interesting and nice in terms of making more words surveys <unk> instead of just claim your terms [noise] yeah actually this <unk> this language sketches not huge compared to some i kind of languages even so these are kind of he's a reasonably common derivation specially for people who've been exposed to a new european languages mhm what's interesting is he's got things that he <unk> as <unk> mhm no it was just looking at that so [noise] i would call these code verbs is the terminology i'm accustomed to at least for two of them he has a non past temporally adverb which means when hitting at the time of hitting and a past temporarily adverb which means before hitting so it's kind of an interior thing yeah [laughter] it's almost like a adverb verbal something like that i mean over the verbal add an adverb but you know i mean right when he doesn't ever mentioned whether or not they can take arguments <unk> i can't even have a direct object for these and if you can then i would probably not called them <unk> i would call them i would make them part of the the rest of the arab system mm interesting interesting uses for syntax mhm i'm looking at um the electric on here there's not that much going on but there's stuff like a drop of water and it's here are the same word mhm that makes sense <unk> same were moldy in <unk> the same word which uh i <unk> i know what what their culture is like that they decided to the they decided to do that [noise] i'm seeing this minus control on plus control thing all right so he lives in guns that earlier he the language make pretty pervasive league makes the distinction between the controller non control actions so huh english does this like sickly typically um c. versus watch here versus listen to <unk> you know receive versus get or take um but he has a whole bunch of other lexical items that make the distinction to such as blurt out versus say pass out versus go to sleep that sort of stuff um i like i like it when you go ahead i like it when you have a grammatical [noise] thing that does things that we do <unk> <unk> i mean this is mostly lexical i don't think there there are i mean there is a prefix to do this [noise] um but it looks like some of the verbs don't the reason it matter so much is because um there are uh voice change possibilities and rules mm [noise] so for example the arcade middle voice cannot be used with eight plus control over oh yeah okay i see [noise] um so <unk> there are there other implications there and and i like that in terms of natural lives in having um restraints and restrictions and actually thinking about those means you're thinking about the semantics of your <unk> little bit more which i approve of [noise] <unk> um [noise] i found this thing on classification actually looked at doing something like this before [noise] um i think i'm understanding correctly but um [noise] basically it [noise] but um it's a little <unk> and there are looks like maybe a couple of dozen of them and uh the example of gives us if <unk> they eat dog was a human arm where he is the um class are for male or general people and their parts of traits versus just local myself come in on a lighter branch [noise] then <unk> where <unk> is the ah class high for <unk> other than people would be an animal lives or zones over who was a tree bland treat branch whereas orders for branch things or or <unk> at the table legwork one is for loans lots on things are vertical things [noise] and um that's an interesting sort of costs fire system <unk> mentions that you have to use the class size after numerals which kinda hearkens too chinese which i know we all like the mention or at least george to and i do so [noise] yeah it's not particularly like chinese because of this ability to focus the meaning into specific ways mhm makes me think of much more of an two languages <unk> i don't have any direct to expose it advantages so chinese is the first thing i bought it when i saw this but is it is very much like their system and been to um it looks like it's more pervasive here than it is in band too but yeah [noise] okay there's there's quite a little bit um influence from african languages in the tunnel world [noise] [noise] um just the the a lot of the people it seems like a lot of the people who were doing stuff for that are interested in either african or american language is good because i mean for a <unk> such a long long time it's been in the european and turkish <unk> yeah i have been the motivator for for <unk> so to have a big focus on africa say it's a nice change [noise] and now that you mentioned that i i think i i can see that there are a lot of a kind of languages that certainly many of them have a strong aroma that of [noise] people who are familiar with languages of native north america mhm um but yeah and it's interesting to bits of things that are coming to africa as nice as well [noise] um the only truly weird part of this language <unk> or the speech act markers yeah only because wasn't the [noise] only because we have one hi ah which means the sentence is performance of that is a sentence constitutes the very active describes fulfilling itself okay so we do this would language all the time i'm just still not sure that it's natural to have special syntax announcing it mm right i think most languages and all that you say things like you know you are now man and wife mm actually you know that being sufficient you don't need to say oh i'm doing something magical i mean in some sense english does i now pronounce you man and wife i mean that i pronounced that's a weird use of that word compared to the rest of english some in some sense it's mostly the perform into the grammar actually mentions nearby i nearby declare that sure sure sure i mean that makes sense i guess we do an english i'm just not used to having a special i guess <unk> <unk> to do that i think i guess it seems a little unusual to have a political <unk> applied in all cases or that highlights right maybe that's just our english biased here but um yeah if somebody knows a natural language that has overt performers marking always please let me know that would be cool mhm yeah [noise] um but i don't know <unk> <unk> it's interesting it's sort of makes me think of this <unk> this course particles in a way [noise] mhm it's an interesting <unk> the the claws initial particles do can can cover an interesting range of meeting some of them are purely speech act some of them are a sequence thing which i actually like not as sort of a natural broadening of functions that i approve of [noise] one of them look like an epidemic so [noise] so yeah there's a a range of meanings here mm mm mm yeah there's a few <unk> has a couple of different meanings that's that's an interesting thing ah there's things like the queen accidentally requires avert main verb eerie lists mhm e. s. and blog road all require ear <unk> that's an interesting thing that just sort of the fact that they're using this particle requires a certain <unk> form <unk> uh see that as you get really interesting you should have the political mean one thing with <unk> in one thing was non to reality [noise] they were getting into the r. dot net natural mad that that that could be that could be kinda awesome yeah uh oh yeah there's a bunch of classes fires aren't are a bunch of them that size is surprising to me uh-huh that makes it seem more chinese me to have that many <unk> i mean chinese probably had more than that but uh i don't know i see like twenty of them hair right in terms of the <unk> language is the one language that has the very most classify ours is some this or that member of the food the family which has around between twenty four and twenty seven depending on how you counted what city you're in mhm yeah this language is at that same maximum and has like twenty four twenty five of these things yeah okay so it could still be mad too i mean the behavior of it seems to be much more like that than the chinese even <unk> yeah [noise] yeah i don't think in chinese for example you can change the classified or a measure word to give a different state of meaning like if you say like um how about you are to talk about uh [noise] i don't know eat like for the <unk> okay for example um <unk> like is it for the for the word for long narrow flexible objects like rivers fish plant uh prepare the pants but if you for example on to talk about [noise] say a [noise] [noise] i don't know [noise] talking about maybe a piece of paper but you onto accentuate that aspect of it i don't think you could just switched <unk> no no i know you know <unk> it's definitely that's definitely the thing where this language apart from the chinese slash bars him is more like bad too because [noise] in chinese the class bars or just arbitrarily assigned that were i mean there's some logic to it like you know <unk> tends to be long thin stuff [noise] jong tends to be flat things but it's like grammatical gender in that they're sort of pseudo arbitrarily assigned and there's a few cases where he can you want or another [noise] but and this case i don't know so are there <unk> like you said william that bachelor languages don't actually go as far as he does with the changing clash of harsh right the typically they're they're more they're more restricted mhm uh-huh that's more like every once in a while you have a word that can mean two different things based on the the class are right it's a lot more like what we would recognize as grammatical gender invented languages it's not perfectly like that but it's much more and more like that um with some flexibility that effectively <unk> sort of <unk> which which which grammatical gender can do to [noise] again rarely rarely [laughter] [noise] um nothing really interesting about the numbers that i can see no [noise] i mean this is a cute little late which it has a few fun things going on and give it naturalistic touches the so i i think for especially beginning coming er once again i think this is really nice language look at it because it has a nice <unk> it's not overwhelming and it's complexity but still has a natural degree of um irregularity here and there and um yeah i don't really think it <unk> oh i'm sorry i was gonna say um in terms of the uh i was just looking through in the propositions um i don't know if we mention those earlier they <unk> i mean he says listen incomplete but um i wasn't sure if they were um trying to find new young right now cause um [noise] the positions they got a list six of them but doesn't really uh the the the the ah descriptions leave something to be desired because he just kind of a searches um west case term but does it really explain how are you now there is one example of of the of the first one time uh it's on an example of something like the birds and the tree or the trees in the valley <unk> is on the verb sucks it looks like um i don't know if that's how they used or what i'm trying to find a gun um <unk> like i see there's one for the bird flew across the room but i don't think there's an owner of there are you need to go up there are what are they called direction prefix is um the verb [noise] you know what i'm trying to find a one in there are and they're all five of them <unk> there was one was like in the <unk> the trees in the valley um it is actually above <unk> uh it says the <unk> the the translations the trees in the valley and it says um <unk> on the wind blow the the native language one it's so's i'm the only time uh i suppose stand third singular present and then inside is tom and you see right there on the <unk> looks like so i don't know if those positions are excuse onto the verb or what oh <unk> so i don't know if that's incorporated there how [noise] but it's nice to see that you know there's i guess there's still working on this i don't know in the last time was modified ones but um it was just interesting um it's an interesting language well have a link to it <unk> this on the <unk> hi william said it's not particularly long ah grammar but in has a lot of little interesting things going on <unk> um you think we can uh sort of move on and discuss a feedback and then wrap up the show or more to say about the amount of no excuse for good um okay well uh we i haven't gotten a whole lot of substance to email like i said i i did get some emails telling me that hey the pot cashed it broke it [laughter] i think i fixed that already so it's like um [laughter] but i wanted a we have been highlighted a single <unk> for a while i thought this would be a good one to actually read on the show it was on <unk> episode upset forty four yes sometimes it takes that long for me to decide to put put something onto the show [noise] ah from eight and he said said that the <unk> [noise] <unk> wanted to know that i'm enjoying my input immensely i particularly like that why william talks about the <unk> what the mat lines of the world can do and george clarify is for all the new [noise] my kids consistently saying what about if you did this [laughter] always got some totally new bizarre interesting way of accomplishing the past and that helps make every episode more like <unk> my personally favorite episodes [noise] oh i'm glad to be uh enjoys that and not [noise] that's wonderful [laughter] [noise] so i i just try to toss him what i'm thinking about well why don't you do this and i suppose that that's good that i can add that that uh vancouver that's <unk> that's that's what i met my mhm uh several weeks ago when i said uh you ask the dumb question [laughter] hi not what i meant interview you ask something that doesn't make sense at first but then we can kind of suffer through it and figure out oh that kind of is an interesting isn't it interesting way of thinking about it <unk> okay [laughter] <unk> makes sense now [laughter] [noise] oh oh well that's good though that anyway mhm william is being silent right <unk> no should i say on them thinking [laughter] no feedback on the feedback you know i think you know i think my my just fall into a feedback loop them you know we'll be feeding bounce back of the feedback no no no but i think it's good that you you do tend to stop us and say wait wait you know ask more questions 'cause sometimes um i've been inventing languages longer than either the tube you've been alive uh [laughter] so i sometimes i mean i used terminology and so forth and i assume everyone knows which is not always <unk> i just invasion money or languages <unk> mike back when i was your age [laughter] no no no none of their languages i invent it when i was younger have survived <unk> [noise] um [noise] which is i probably drink as well [noise] yeah [noise] so anyway i think we can wrap up the show and say [noise] first of all william do you have any final words of wisdom i do i was thinking about last week with chocolate and and i just wanted to say work with the limits [noise] that you impose on yourself now i wasn't here last week what what what what does that mean by that [noise] sometimes we start off creating a language than idea but the longer we go we find ourselves once again sticking all of those things that we love or money even feature [noise] and we we we lose [noise] [noise] we sort of chicken out mhm and and don't commit ourselves to the things we thought we were going to do with the start and this is especially true historical once you've decided to do the historical you have to come up with the way to cope with the fact that you're conjugation system may have completely evaporated who knew just trust that and go with that because i think in any arts if i can speak a little area very now about what we do [noise] in any arts <unk> solve problems with limits <unk> very creative [noise] true [noise] when you can do anything you want that's you know you're just you're taking an easy way out solve problems based on the <unk> the limits you put on yourself is a possibility for coming up with creative new solutions to own problem yes it sounds like a [noise] so i'm kinda like a lot of it sounds a lot of the uh-huh a lot of the best artistic invent endeavors heaven fault somebody setting a limit on where's the plot and go or what should happen so i think that's very good advice and sometimes my i was going to say it sounds kind of like having to beat the game by the rules rather than using god mode and cheating yeah yeah [noise] <unk> much more interesting things if you don't [noise] ah straying from the past [noise] i think that's right i think that's right yeah my mom [noise] so my do you have any wisdom [noise] um pretty much just feel free to explore things read other things and uh [noise] their self what happens when i do this and come up with their lives are interesting ways of doing it and [noise] why you know something new and creative and and interesting and it was totally off the wall then wonderful your interesting in unique and bizarre [noise] this is not [noise] okay i'm i'm going to say <unk> you have been listening to <unk> you can find the <unk> at <unk> dot com [noise] including links to our future non line and a few resources to help you make sense of today's topic [noise] you'll also find links to subscribe to us on high dues or through on her <unk> to our quarter face book and google plus pages found a whole lot more questions common some suggestions may be sent to <unk> dot com you can also submit those translated greedy replay the popular show <unk> display in our head er police easy contribute paid for details [noise] thanks for less than [noise] but i look forward to hearing it i don't usually listen to the ones i mean 'cause it's kinda like you know you just don't usually really i always listen to the episodes when they're out i mean not always right away but yeah i always i listen to everything we do [noise] i originally episodes enough times while i'm trying to edit them yet so let's see i see [noise] i <unk> fear that i have said something outrageously stupid and then i want to be a threat to myself if i have yeah [noise] ah i cannot log into con <unk> dot com i don't know why [noise] computers are just being annoying today [noise] i don't know what it is i mean it's not full moon or anything of that actually in the super <unk> like <unk> or something [noise] lungs are moon just recently the super moon uh-huh <unk> i don't even understand what the superman as it was something about like the <unk> let's go round the earth and rights during the <unk> which is um you know just that's the formal term it's when the <unk> it's a full moon when it's at the point when it's really close to the earth <unk> appears to be at them like fourteen per cent larger [noise] sort of thing and um some people say oh well causes the ties to be a little bit higher which does but it's only a couple centimeters on the tide can actually be a big deal [laughter] especially if you're in one of those thinking island [laughter] being swamped by um [laughter] <unk> i didn't want us to be walking home in the rain which i don't mind well molding <unk> uh a metal stick when there was so much lightning going on [noise] uh is that noise [laughter] it's just really okay [laughter] sorry i'm counting out i have i have found coins in my car solid counting around [laughter] i don't know if that was well what williams was talking about oh well <unk> this is the noise i thought you're meaning [noise] [noise] yes yes so that's the noise <unk> <unk> <unk> yes just <unk> [noise] would that would be sad if we discovered a nasty was recording wrong thing for the whole session oh yes well fine it's the backup anyway but whenever they change the the <unk> box to drive it confused me there are two pronunciations for that poly sci me which i don't like putting <unk> uh [noise] you did lead in probably see me [laughter] and then plus to me is another acceptable pronunciation ah

Tags

  1. Conlangery Podcast
  2. Podcast
  3. conlang
  4. Dimana Lokud
  5. history
  6. language
  7. language change
  8. linguistics

Conlangery Podcast/Conlangery 51 Language History (last edited 2017-09-07 17:23:08 by TranscriBot)